Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is the smallest prokaryotic microorganism with a cell structure and no cell wall between bacteria and viruses. MP mainly causes respiratory tract infections in humans, especially in children and young people. MP can cause Mycoplasma hominis pneumonia, respiratory tract infections in children and atypical pneumonia. The clinical symptoms are diverse, mostly severe cough, fever, chills, headache, sore throat, upper respiratory tract infection and bronchopneumonia are the most common. Some patients may develop severe pneumonia from upper respiratory tract infection, and severe respiratory distress or even death may occur. MP is one of the common and important pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), accounting for 10%-30% of CAP, and the proportion can increase 3-5 times when MP is prevalent. In recent years, the proportion of MP in CAP pathogens has gradually increased. The incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection has increased, and because of its nonspecific clinical manifestations, it is easy to be confused with bacterial and viral colds. Therefore, early laboratory detection is of great significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.